Sách Ngữ pháp tiếng anh luyện thi TOEIC – Unit 14: Quá khứ hoàn thành – Học Hay

1. Cách dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

Cách dùng quá khứ hoàn thành (the past perfect)	Ví dụ
- Thì quá khứ hoàn thành được dùng để diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ hoặc xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. - Hành động xảy ra trước chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành còn hành động xảy ra sau chia ở thì quá khứ đơn, trong câu có các từ nối như by (có nghĩa như before), before, after, when, till, untill, as soon as, no sooner…than	Carol had left before Prof. Lestly came back. (Carol đã rời đi trước khi Giáo sư Lestly trở về)   My grandmother had lived in Hanoi before 1954. (Bà tôi từ sống ở Hà Nội trước năm 1954)
Thì quá khứ hoàn thành được dùng trong mệnh đề If loại 3 (trái với quá khứ).	I would have helped to paint the house if you had asked me. (You didn’t ask me) (Nếu bạn ngỏ lời với tôi thì tôi đã giúp bạn sơn nhà rồi) => Thực tế, bạn đã không nhờ giúp đỡ
Thì quá khứ hoàn thành được dùng trong câu tường thuật trong trường hợp từ tường thuật (từ có gạch dưới) được chia ở thì quá khứ.	The policeman said Mr. Hammond had driven through a red light. (Cảnh sát nói rằng ông Hammond đã vượt đèn đỏ khi lái xe)

2. Công thức thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

a. Thể khẳng định:

S + had + V3/-ed + O + …

Ví dụ:

• By the time I left that school, I had taught there for ten years.
  (Lúc tôi rời trường, tôi đã giảng dạy ở đó được 10 năm)
• It had stopped raining so they didn’t bother to going out for dinner.
  (Trời đã ngừng mưa nên họ đã không ngại ra ngoài để ăn tối)

Lưu ý: had + V3/-ed được viết tắt thành ‘d + V3/-ed (had done → ‘d done)

 

b. Thể phủ định: 

S + hadn’t + V3/-ed + O + …

Ví dụ:

• I knew we hadn’t seen each other before.
  (Tôi đã biết là chúng ta chưa từng gặp nhau)
• They hadn’t finished eating when I got there.
  (Họ vẫn chưa ăn xong khi tôi đến đó)

 

c. Thể nghi vấn:

	Công thức	Ví dụ
Yes/no question - Dạng câu hỏi phủ định yes/no được dùng khi người nói kỳ vọng câu trả lời sẽ là "yes"	- Had + S + V3/-ed + O + …?	Had she been there yet? (Cô ấy đã tới đó chưa vậy?)
	- Hadn't + S + V3/-ed + O + …?	Hadn't you studied anything for the test? (Bạn không học gì cho bài kiểm tra hả?)
	- Had + S + not + V3/-ed + O + …?	- Had they not study English before? (Trước đó họ không học tiếng anh à?)
Wh- question (Các từ để hỏi gồm what, when, where, why, how, which, …)   - Dạng câu hỏi phủ định Wh- được dùng để nhấn mạnh hoặc dùng như bình thường	- Từ để hỏi + had + S + V3/-ed + O +…?	Where had you been before you moved away? (Em đã ở đâu trước khi tôi rời đi)
	- Từ để hỏi + hadn't + S  + V3/-ed + O +…?	Why hadn't he agreed with the deal? (Tại sao anh ta không đồng ý với giao kèo đó đi?)
	- Từ để hỏi + had + S + V3/-ed + not +  O +…?	What had you not known? (Còn gì mà con không biết nữa không?)

3. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

Thì quá khứ hoàn thành (qkht) thường được sử dụng trong câu có những từ/ cấu trúc sau: before…, by the time, by;  No sooner … than; Hardly/ Scarely … when; It was not until … that; Not until … that (mãi cho tới khi … mới); By the time (tới lúc mà … thì)

Ví dụ:

• Before Nancy left the office, she had finished all the document for her supervisor.
  (Trước khi Nancy rời khỏi văn phòng, cô đã hoàn thành xong tài liệu mà sếp cô cần)

→ sau before dùng thì quá khứ đơn

A Read the situations and write sentences using the words in brackets.

1 There was a picture lying on the floor.

(It / fall / off the wall) …………………………………..

2 The people sitting next to you on the plane were nervous. It was their first flight.

(They / not / fly / before) ……………………………

3 You went back to your home town recently after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.

(It / change / a lot) It……………………………

4 Somebody sang a song. You didn’t know it.

(I / not / hear / it / before) I……………………………

5 I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn’t come.

(She / arrange / to do something else)……………………………

6 You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late.

(The film / already / start)……………………………

7 Last year we went to Mexico. It was our first time there.

(We / not / be / there / before) We……………………………

8 I met Daniel last week. It was good to see him again after such a long time.

(I / not / see / him for five years)……………………………

9 I offered my friends something to eat, but they weren’t hungry.

(They / just / have / lunch)……………………………

10 Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game ever.

(He / never / play / before)……………………………

B Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened – so (a) happened before (b), (b) before (c) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect.

1 (a) Somebody broke into the office during the night. (b) We arrived at work in the morning. (c) We called the police.	We arrived at work in the morning and found that …………………into the office during the night. So ………………… the police.
2 (a) Laura went out this morning. (b) I rang her doorbell. (c) There was no answer.	I went to Laura’s house this morning and rang her doorbell, but …………………no answer. …………………out.
3 (a) Joe came back from holiday a few days ago. (b) I met him the same day. (c) He looked very well.	I met Joe a few days ago. …………………just………………… holiday. …………………very well.
4 (a) James sent Amy lots of emails. (b) She never replied to them. (c) Yesterday he got a phone call from her. (d) He was surprised.	Yesterday James………………… from Amy. …………………surprised. …………………lots of emails, but ………………….

 

C Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did).

1 Paul wasn’t at the party when I arrived. ………….. (He / go) home.

2 I felt very tired when I got home, so ………..(I / go) straight to bed.

3 The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody ………..(go) to bed.

4 Mark travels a lot. When I first met him, ………..(he / already / travel) round the world.

5 Sorry I’m late. The car ………..(break) down on my way here.

6 We were driving along the road when …………..(we / see) a car which ………………(break) down, so ………………(we / stop) to help

A

1. It had fallen off the wall.

2. They hadn’t flown before.

3 It had changed a lot.

4 I hadn’t heard it before.

5 She’d arranged to do something else. / She had arranged …

6 The film had already started.

7 We hadn’t been there before.

8 I hadn’t seen him for five years.

9 They’d just had lunch. / They had just had …

10 He’d never played before. / He had never played …

B

1. somebody had broken/we called

2 there was …

She’d gone / She had gone

3 He’d just come back from / He had just come back from …

He looked

4 got a phone call

He was

He’d sent her / He had sent her … she’d never replied (to them) / she had never replied (to them)

C

1. He’d gone

2 I went

3 had gone

4 he’d already travelled / he had already travelled

5 broke

6 we saw … had broken … we stopped

 

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