Ngữ pháp tiếng anh luyện thi TOEIC – Unit 61: Danh từ đếm được và không đếm được – Học Hay
a. Danh từ đếm được số ít (Singular countable nouns):
Là danh từ chỉ có một. Thông thường, danh từ đếm được số ít thường có các mạo từ a, an, the hoặc từ chỉ số lượng như one đứng trước. Danh từ đếm được số ít không được thêm -s/-es phía sau.
- Ví dụ: a book, a flower, a pen, one hat.
b. Danh từ đếm được số nhiều (Plural countable nouns):
Là danh từ chỉ hai vật trở lên. Khi chuyển danh từ số ít thành số nhiều ta thêm -s và –es đằng sau danh từ.
- Ví dụ: pencils, houses, boys, chickens
► Cách thêm -s/-es vào danh từ số nhiều:
| Quy luật | Ví dụ | |
| Danh từ tận cùng bằng -o, -x, -s, -z, sh, -ch | thêm -es | bus ⇒ buses brush ⇒ brushes fox ⇒ foxes beach ⇒ beaches quiz ⇒ quizzes |
| Danh từ tận cùng là –o và trước -o là nguyên âm (u, e, o, a, i), hoặc đó là các từ mượn tiếng nước ngoài. | thêm -s | photo ⇒ photos radio ⇒ radios bamboo ⇒ bamboos |
| Danh từ tận cùng –y và trước –y là phụ âm | chuyển -y thành -i rồi thêm -es | lady ⇒ ladies story ⇒ stories |
| Danh từ tận cùng là –y và trước -y là nguyên âm (u, e, o, a, i) | thêm -s | donkey ⇒ donkeys highway ⇒ highways |
| Danh từ tận cùng là -f hay -fe | thay -f và -fe bằng -ves | roof ⇒ roofs safe ⇒ safes shelf ⇒ shelves wife ⇒ wives |
| Danh từ khác | thêm -s | cat ⇒ cats truck ⇒ trucks bug ⇒ bugs |
| Trường hợp đặc biệt | Chỉ thêm -s | Roofs, gulfs, cliffs, reefs, proofs, chiefs, turfs, safes, dwarfs, griefs, beliefs |
► Các danh từ tiếng Anh bất quy tắc khi chuyển sang số nhiều:
Thế nào là danh từ bất quy tắc? Đó là những danh từ tiếng anh khi chuyển từ số ít sang số nhiều không tuân theo quy tắc thêm –s hoặc –es. Hãy xem bảng danh từ bất quy tắc dưới đây.
| Quy tắc | Ví dụ |
| us ⇒ -i | alumnus ⇒ alumni (cựu sinh viên) cactus⇒ cacti (xương rồng) fungus⇒ fungi (nấm) |
| is ⇒ -es | analysis ⇒ analyses (phân tích) axis⇒ axes (trục quay) diagnosis⇒ diagnoses (chuẩn đoán) octopus⇒ octopi (bạch tuộc) |
| on ⇒ -a và -ie ⇒ -ce | criterion ⇒ criteria (tiêu chuẩn) phenomenon⇒ phenomena (hiện tượng) die⇒ dice (súc sắc) hypothesis⇒ hypotheses(giả thuyết) |
Một số danh từ tiếng anh có đuôi giống nhau sẽ chuyển sang dạng số nhiều giống nhau.
► Cách phát âm danh từ thêm -s/-es:
| Quy luật | Ví dụ | |
| khi đi sau các phụ âm câm (voiceless consonants): /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/ | phát âm là /s/ | laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths |
| khi đi sau một phụ âm gió (hissing consonants): /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ | phát âm là /iz/ | refuses, passes, judges, churches, garages, wishes |
| khi đi sau các nguyên âm và các phụ âm (voiced consonants): /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ, /l/, /r/ và các nguyên âm | phát âm là /z/ | boys, lies, ways, pubs, words, pigs, loves, bathes, rooms, turns, things, walls, cars |
► Các từ hạn định (Determiners) được dùng với danh từ đếm được:
a, an, the (mạo từ), some, any, this, that, these, those, none, one, two, three, many, a lot of, plenty of, a large / great number of, (a) few, fewer… than, more….than.
c. Danh từ không đếm được (Uncountable nouns):
- Danh từ không đếm được là những danh từ chỉ đối tượng không đếm được. Vì thế chúng chỉ có dạng số ít mà không có dạng số nhiều. Danh từ không đếm được đi với động từ số ít.
Tham khảo cách chia động từ phù hợp với chủ ngữ tại đây
- Danh từ không đếm được dùng chỉ đối tượng trừu tượng (như sự tin tưởng, lời khuyên…) hoặc những tập hợp (như hành lý, vật dụng…), từ chỉ chất lỏng, thể rắn, khí, từ chỉ ngôn ngữ, môn học hoặc các hiện tượng thời tiết.
- Các danh từ không đếm được phổ biến thường gặp: clothing, luggage, , mail, makeup, money, cash, change, equipment, food, fruit, traffic, water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, blood, iron, Ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, silver, glass, paper, wood, air, advice, information, salt, sand, sugar, wheat, aughter, luck, music, patience, grammar, slang, vocabulary, history, literature, fog, hail, heat, tennis, chess, swimming, travelling, walking,….
- Các từ hạn định được dùng với danh từ không đếm được: the, some, any, this, that, none, much (thường dùng trong câu phủ định, câu hỏi), a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, (a) little, less….than, more….than.
- Có một số danh từ không đếm được tận cùng bằng s, chúng được viết dưới dạng số nhiều nhưng mang nghĩa số ít: news (tin tức), mumps (bệnh quai bị), measles (bệnh sởi), rickets (bệnh còi xương), shingles (bệnh zona), billiards (bi-da), darts (môn ném phi tiêu), draughts (môn cờ vua), bowls (môn ném bóng gỗ), dominoes (đôminô), the United States (Hiệp chủng quốc Hoa Kỳ)
- Lưu ý khi bạn gặp các danh từ tiếng anh không đếm được nhưng lại ở dạng số nhiều thì nó sẽ mang nghĩa khác.
- Ví dụ: water (nước) => waters (vùng biển); work (công việc) => works: tác phẩm
- Ngoài ra, một số danh từ không đếm được có thể sử dụng như danh từ đếm được để chỉ ý nghĩa đơn vị, chủng loại như trong những ví dụ dưới đây.
Ví dụ:
- Can I have two teas and one coffee, please?
(Cho tôi hai tách trà và một ly cà phê) - How many sugars do you want in your tea?
(Bạn muốn để bao nhiêu muỗng đường vào ly trà?) - To some degree we tend to eat the foods that we ate as children. (Lắm lúc chúng ta lại thèm ăn những món đồ ăn mà ta hay thường ăn lúc còn nhỏ)
d. Danh từ vừa đếm được vừa không đếm được:
|
|
Uncountable Noun |
Countable Noun |
|
Accommodation |
Nơi để sống, ở tạm hoặc làm việc |
Sự đồng thuận giữa các cá nhân hoặc tổ chức không đồng quan điểm. |
|
Cheap accommodation is getting difficult to find in this town. |
The fighting stopped after the government and the rebels reached an accommodation. |
|
|
Jam |
mứt |
Kẹt xe, tình huống khó khăn |
|
We were served scones with butter and jam. |
Sorry we’re late. We got stuck in a traffic jam. |
|
|
Marble |
Đá cẩm thạch |
Viên bi |
|
The columns were of white marble. |
Three boys were playing marbles. |
|
|
Beauty |
Vẻ đẹp |
Một người/vật đẹp |
|
It has the outstanding natural beauty. |
Beauty and the Beast is my favorite film. |
|
|
Youth |
Tuổi trẻ |
Người nam trẻ |
|
I was a fairly good football player in my youth. |
Gangs of youths were throwing stones and bottles at the police. |
|
|
Beer |
Bia |
Một ly/cốc bia |
|
This beer is brewed in Mexico. |
After a hard day's work, we enjoy two beers. |
|
|
Bread |
Bánh mì |
Một loại bánh mì |
|
Would you like some bread with your soup? |
All of our breads are made with organic grains. |
|
|
Sugar |
Đường |
1 muỗng đường / loại đường |
|
This juice contains no added sugar. |
How many sugars do you take in coffee? |
|
|
Success |
Sự thành công |
Một người/ sự kiện thành công |
|
They didn't have much success in life. |
He's proud of his daughter's successes. |
|
|
Room |
Không gian |
Phòng |
|
There’ll be enough room for them. |
There are 3 rooms in our house. |
|
|
Currency |
Tiền giấy hoặc tiền xu của một quốc gia |
Đơn vị tiền tệ của một quốc gia |
|
You'll need some cash in local currency. |
The Euro will eventually replace European national currencies. |
|
|
Danger |
Mối nguy hiểm, rủi ro |
Người hoặc vật có khả năng gây hại |
|
Children's lives are in danger every time they cross this road. |
Police said the man was a danger to the public. |
|
|
Delight |
Cảm giác hạnh phúc, vui vẻ |
Người hoặc vật làm chúng ta hạnh phúc |
|
She won the game easily, to the delight of all her fans. |
This guitar is a delight to play. |
|
|
Quality |
Chất lượng |
Đặc điểm của một vật/ người |
|
Much of the land was of poor quality. |
He shows strong leadership qualities. |
|
|
Faith |
Niềm tin |
Một tôn giáo |
|
She has no faith in modern medicine. |
They were persecuted for their Buddhist faith. |
|
|
Pride |
Sự tự hào |
Một bầy sư tử |
|
He wore his medals with pride. |
A young lion had strayed some distance from the pride. |
|
|
Fruit |
Trái cây |
Một loại trái cây |
|
We usually eat fresh fruit after dinner. |
Oranges, apples, pears, and bananas are all types of fruit. |
|
|
Fuel |
Chất đốt, nhiên liệu |
Một loại nhiên liệu |
|
Domestic fuel bills are set to rise again in the autumn. |
Plutonium is a fuel used to produce nuclear energy. |
|
|
Power |
Quyền lực, năng lực |
Cường quốc |
|
The aim is to give people more power over their own lives. |
Egypt is still a major power in the Middle East. |
|
|
Paper |
Giấy |
Báo |
|
She wrote her name and address on a slip of paper. |
Have you seen today's paper? (Anh đã xem số báo của ngày hôm nay chưa?) |
|
|
Nature |
Thiên nhiên |
Tính cách, tính chấ |
|
We grew up in the countryside, surrounded by the beauties of nature. |
As a child, Juliana had a very sensitive nature. |
|
|
Iron |
Sắt |
Bàn là |
|
Iron rusts easily. |
We have 4 irons here. |
|
|
Hair |
Tóc |
Một cọng, sợi tóc |
|
He's got short, black hair. |
I found a hair in my soup. |
|
|
Glass |
Thủy tinh |
Ly/cốc thủy tinh |
|
I cut myself on a piece of broken glass. |
She poured some milk into a glass. |
Bài tập Ngữ pháp tiếng anh luyện thi TOEIC – Unit 61: Danh từ đếm được và không đếm được – Học Hay
A Some of these sentences need a/an. Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 Joe goes everywhere by bike. He doesn’t have car. He doesn’t have a car.
2 Helen was listening to music when I arrived. OK
3 We went to very nice restaurant last weekend.
4 I brush my teeth with toothpaste.
5 I use toothbrush to brush my teeth.
6 Can you tell me if there’s bank near here?
7 My brother works for insurance company.
8 I don’t like violence.
9 When we were in Rome, we stayed in big hotel.
10 If you have problem, I’ll try and help you.
11 I like your suggestion. It’s interesting idea.
12 Can you smell paint?
13 I like volleyball. It’s good game.
14 Lisa doesn’t usually wear jewellery.
15 Jane was wearing beautiful necklace.
16 Does this city have airport?
B Complete the sentences using the following words. Use a/an where necessary.
|
accident biscuit blood coat decision electricity ice interview key moment music question |
1 The road is closed. There’s been an accident .
2 Listen! Can you hear music ?
3 I couldn’t get into the house. I didn’t have……………… .
4 It’s very warm today. Why are you wearing…………… ?
5 Would you like ……………in your drink?
6 Are you hungry? Have…………… !
7 Our lives would be very difficult without…………… .
8 Excuse me, can I ask you…………… ?
9 I’m not ready yet. Can you wait…………… , please?
10 The heart pumps…………… through the body.
11 We can’t delay much longer. We have to make…………… soon.
12 I had…………… for a job yesterday. It went quite well.
C Complete the sentences using the following words:
|
air day friend joke language meat patience people picture queue space umbrella |
Sometimes the word needs to be plural (-s), and sometimes you need to use a/an.
1 I had a camera with me, but I didn’t take any pictures .
2 There are seven…………… in a week.
3 A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat…………… .
4 Outside the cinema there was…………… of people waiting to see the film.
5 I’m not good at telling…………… .
6 Last night I went out with some…………… of mine.
7 There were very few…………… in town today. The streets were almost empty.
8 I’m going out for a walk. I need some fresh…………… .
9 Paul always wants things quickly. He doesn’t have much…………… .
10 I think it’s going to rain. Do you have…………… I could borrow?
11 How many…………… can you speak?
12 Our flat is very small. We don’t have much…………… .
D Which is correct?
1 a The engine is making strange noise / a strange noise. What is it? (a strange noise is correct)
b We live near a busy road so there’s a lot of noise / there are a lot of noises.
2 a Light / A light comes from the sun.
b I thought there was somebody in the house because there was light / a light on inside.
3 a I was in a hurry this morning. I didn’t have time / a time for breakfast.
b We really enjoyed our holiday. We had great time / a great time.
4 a Can I have glass of water / a glass of water, please?
b Be careful. The window has been broken and there’s broken glass / a broken glass on the floor.
5 a We stayed at a hotel. We had very nice room / a very nice room.
b We have a big garage. There’s room / a room for two cars.
E Which is correct?
1 Did you have nice weather / a nice weather when you were away? (nice weather is correct)
2 We were very unfortunate. We had bad luck / a bad luck.
3 Our travel / journey from Paris to Moscow by train was very tiring.
4 When the fire alarm rang, there was complete chaos / a complete chaos.
5 Bad news don’t / doesn’t make people happy.
6 There’s some lovely scenery / a lovely scenery in this part of the country.
7 I like my job, but it’s very hard work / a very hard work.
8 I want to print some documents, but the printer is out of paper / papers.
9 The trip took a long time. There was heavy traffic / a heavy traffic.
10 Your hair is / Your hairs are too long. You should have it / them cut.
F Complete the sentences using the following words. Use the plural (-s) where necessary.
|
advice chair damage experience experience furniture hair luggage permission progress |
1 We didn’t have much luggage – just two small bags.
2 We have no……………. , not even a bed or a table.
3 There is room for everybody to sit down. There are plenty of……………. .
4 Who is that woman with short……………. ? Do you know her?
5 Carla’s English is better than it was. She’s made good……………. .
6 If you want to take pictures here, you need to ask for……………. .
7 I didn’t know what I should do, so I asked Chris for……………. .
8 I don’t think Dan should get the job. He doesn’t have enough……………. .
9 Kate has done many interesting things. She could write a book about her……………. .
10 The …………….caused by the storm will cost a lot to repair.
G What do you say in these situations? Use the word in brackets in your sentence.
1 Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can’t see any cases or bags. You ask:
(luggage) Do you have any luggage ?
2 You go to a tourist office. You want to know about places to visit in the town.
(information) I’d like……………. .
3 You are a student. You want your teacher to advise you about which courses to do. You say:
(advice) Can you give……………. ?
4 You applied for a job and you’ve just heard that you were successful. You call Tom and say:
(good news) Hi, Tom. I……………. . I got the job!
5 You are at the top of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It’s beautiful. You say:
(view) It……………. , isn’t it?
6 You look out of the window. The weather is horrible: cold, wet and windy. You say:
(weather) What…………….
H What are these things? Choose from the box and write a sentence.
|
bird(s) flower(s) game(s) insect(s) language(s) planet(s) river(s) tool(s) vegetable(s) |
1 an eagle => It’s a bird.
2 a pigeon, a duck and a penguin => They’re birds.
3 carrots and onions
4 a tulip
5 Earth, Mars and Jupiter
6 chess
7 a hammer, a saw and a screwdriver
8 the Nile, the Rhine and the Mekong
9 a mosquito
10 Hindi, Arabic and Swahili
I Read about what these people do. What are their jobs? Choose from:
|
chef interpreter journalist nurse plumber surgeon tour guide waiter |
1 Sarah looks after patients in hospital. => She’s a nurse.
2 Gary works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables.
3 Jane writes articles for a newspaper.
4 Kevin works in a hospital. He operates on people.
5 Jonathan cooks in a restaurant.
6 Dave installs and repairs water pipes.
7 Anna shows visitors round her city and tells them about it.
8 Lisa translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other.
J Which is right?
1 Most of my friends are students / some students. (students is correct)
2 Are you careful driver / a careful driver?
3 I went to the library and borrowed books / some books.
4 Mark works in a bookshop. He sells books / some books.
5 I’ve been walking for hours. I’ve got sore feet / some sore feet.
6 I don’t feel very well. I’ve got sore throat / a sore throat.
7 What lovely present / a lovely present! Thank you very much.
8 I met students / some students in a cafe yesterday. They were from China.
9 It might rain. Don’t go out without umbrella / without an umbrella.
10 People / Some people learn languages more easily than others.
K Put in a/an or some where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty.
1 I’ve seen some good movies recently.
2 Are you feeling all right? Do you have a headache?
3 I know lots of people. Most of them are (−) students.
4 When I was …………….child, I used to be very shy.
5 …………birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.
6 Would you like to be …………actor?
7 Questions, questions, questions! You’re always asking …………questions!
8 I didn’t expect to see you. What………… surprise!
9 Do you like staying in………… hotels?
10 Tomorrow is a holiday. …………shops will be open, but most of them will be closed.
11 Those are …………nice shoes. Where did you get them?
12 You need …………visa to visit………… countries, but not all of them.
13 Kate is………… teacher. Her parents were………… teachers too.
14 I don’t believe him. He’s………… liar. He’s always telling………… lies.
Đáp án
A
3 We went to a very nice restaurant …
4 OK
5 I use a toothbrush …
6 … if there’s a bank near here?
7 … for an insurance company.
8 OK
9 … we stayed in a big hotel.
10 If you have a problem …
11 … It’s an interesting idea.
12 OK
13 … It’s a good game.
14 OK
15 … wearing a beautiful necklace.
16 … have an airport?
B
3 a key
4 a coat
5 ice
6 a biscuit
7 electricity
8 a question
9 a moment
10 blood
11 a decision
12 an interview
C
2 days
3 meat
4 a queue
5 jokes
6 friends
7 people
8 air
9 patience
10 an umbrella
11 languages
12 space
D
1 b there’s a lot of noise
2a Light
b a light
3a time
b a great time
4a a glass of water
b broken glass
5a a very nice room
b room
E
2 bad luck
3 journey
4 complete chaos
5 doesn’t
6 some lovely scenery
7 very hard work
8 paper
9 heavy traffic
10 Your hair is … it
F
2 furniture
3 chairs
4 hair
5 progress
6 permission
7 advice
8 experience
9 experiences
10 damage
G
2 I’d like some information about places to visit (in the town).
3 Can you give me some advice about which courses to do? / … courses I can do?
4 I’ve (just) got some good news. / I’ve (just) had some good news. / I (just) got some good news.
5 It’s a beautiful view (from here), isn’t it?
6 What horrible/awful weather!
H
3 They’re vegetables.
4 It’s a flower.
5 They’re planets.
6 It’s a game.
7 They’re tools.
8 They’re rivers.
9 It’s an insect.
10 They’re languages.
I
2 He’s a waiter.
3 She’s a journalist.
4 He’s a surgeon.
5 He’s a chef.
6 He’s a plumber.
7 She’s a tour guide.
8 She’s an interpreter.
J
2 a careful driver
3 some books
4 books
5 sore feet
6 a sore throat
7 a lovely present
8 some students
9 without an umbrella
10 Some people
K
4 a
5 Some
6 an
7 – (You’re always asking questions!)
8 a
9 – (Do you like staying in hotels?)
10 Some
11 – (Those are nice shoes.)
12 You need a visa to visit some countries
13 Kate is a teacher. Her parents were teachers too.
14 He’s a liar. He’s always telling lies.
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