Ngữ pháp tiếng anh luyện thi TOEIC – Unit 82: Tính từ và trạng từ – Học Hay
A. Trạng từ
Trạng từ (adverb - adv) là từ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, hoặc một trạng từ khác hay cho cả câu. Vậy làm sao để nhận biết được trạng từ trong tiếng anh? Ta có thể dựa vào hình thức của trạng từ để phân biệt.
1. Trạng từ có đuôi –ly
- Các trạng từ có đuôi –ly có mối quan hệ chặt chẽ với tính từ. Chúng được tạo ra bằng cách kết hợp tính từ với –ly.
Ví dụ:
- calm → calmly
He tried to talk calmly with the son.
(Ông bó cố gắng nói chuyện 1 cách bình tĩnh với cậu con trai) - wide → widely
He widely opens the door.
(Anh ấy mở cánh cửa rộng ra)
- Các tính từ kết thúc bằng âm “l” thường gấp đôi âm “l” lên khi chuyển sang trạng từ.
Ví dụ:
- beautiful → beautifully
- careful → carefully
→ She carries the child carefully.
(Cô ấy bồng đứa bé 1 cách cẩn thận)
- Các tính từ kết thúc bằng âm “y”, khi đổi sang trạng từ, chuyển y thành i.
Ví dụ:
- easy → easily
- busy → busily,
→ I can easily do it.
(Tôi có thể làm nó 1 cách dễ dàng)
2. Đuôi –ward(s) hoặc –wise
Một số trạng từ kết thúc với –ward(s) hoặc –wise. Các trạng từ kết thúc bằng –ward(s) có thể có –s hoặc không –s (inward, inwards)
+ -wards: inwards, eastwards, upwards, downwards
Ví dụ:
- I couldn’t move my head upward.
(Tôi không thể di chuyển đầu của mình về phía trước) - The window opens inwards.
(Cửa sổ mở ở phía trong)
+ -wise: clockwise, lengthwise, likewise
- Because she is my idol, whatever she does, I do likewise.
(Vì cô ấy là thần tượng của tôi, bất kể cô ấy làm gì, tôi sẽ làm điều tương tự) - You just need to turn the key clockwise.
(Con chỉ cần xoay chìa khóa theo chiều kim đồng hồ thôi)
3. Trạng từ có chung cách viết với tính từ
Một số adverb có cách viết tương tự như tính từ: fast, left, hard, outside, right, straight, late, well, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
► Lưu ý: Đừng nhầm lẫn giữa cách dùng trạng từ và tính từ trong tiếng anh. Tính từ thường bổ nghĩa cho danh từ và đứng sau các liên động từ như become, hear, sound, smell, look, appear, be…Trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ, thậm chí cá câu và mệnh đề. Và chúng không đi theo sau các động từ liên kết.
B. Trạng từ hay tính từ
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Tính từ (Adj) |
Trạng từ (Adv) |
|
- Tính từ được dùng để mô tả cho danh từ (người hoặc vật).
- Đứng trước danh từ
- Đứng sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa: Available, imaginable, possible và suitable.
- Một số đi ngay sau các đại từ bất định: something, nothing, anything…
- Chúng cũng được dùng trong các cụm từ diễn tả sự đo lường
- Sau động từ to be, liên động từ (be, appear, become, end (up), feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn (out)) và 1 số động từ khác (let, make), để bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ của câu.
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- Trạng từ là từ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, hoặc một trạng từ khác hay cho cả câu
- Đứng trước động từ
- Sau động từ thường không cần tân ngữ I sit there.
- Sau tân ngữ của động từ
- Trước tính từ/trạng từ khác She is very nice.
- Sau động từ khiếm khyết và động từ to be
- Đứng đầu câu
- Đứng cuối câu:
- Giữa trợ động từ và động từ chính
- Trong câu hỏi, vị trí của trạng từ là nằm giữa chủ từ và động từ chính
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C. Một số trường hợp đặc biệt
a. Good and well
- Well là trạng từ của tính từ Good
- Your English is good. but You speak English well.
- Well (not good) được dùng với phân từ (known/educated etc.)
well-known/well-educated /well-paid/ well-behaved
- Sophie’s father is a well-known writer.
- Well còn là tính từ với ý nghĩa “sức khỏe tốt”
‘How are you today?’ ‘I’m very well, thanks.’
b. fast, hard and late
- Đây là những từ vừa là tính từ vừa là trạng từ
- Darren is a fast runner.
Darren can run fast. - It’s hard to find a job right now.
Kate works hard. - Sorry I’m late.
I got up late.
c. hardly
- Hardly có nghĩa là hiếm khi, hầu như không
- Sarah wasn’t very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me.
(= she spoke to me very little) - We’ve only met once or twice. We hardly know each other.
- Hardly đứng trước động từ
- We hardly know each other. (not We know each other hardly)
- I can hardly do something.
- Ta dùng hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere:
- A: How much money do we have?
B: Hardly any. (= very little, almost none) - These two cameras are very similar. There’s hardly any difference between them.
- She was very quiet. She said hardly anything. or She hardly said anything.
- hardly ever = almost never (hầu như không bao giờ)
- I’m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.
- Hardly còn có nghĩa là ‘certainly not’ (chắc chắn không)
- It’s hardly surprising that you’re tired. You haven’t slept for three days.
(= it’s certainly not surprising) - The situation is serious, but it’s hardly a crisis. (= it’s certainly not a crisis)
Bài tập Ngữ pháp tiếng anh luyện thi TOEIC – Unit 82: Tính từ và trạng từ – Học Hay
A Complete each sentence with an adverb. The first letters of the adverb are given.
1 We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily .
2 I had no problem finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea………… .
3 We had to wait a long time, but we didn’t complain. We waited pat………… .
4 Nobody knew that Simon was coming to see us. He arrived unex………… .
5 Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg………… .
6 I don’t speak French very well, but I can understand per………… if people speak sl………… and cl………… .
B Put in the correct word.
1 Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (careful / carefully)
2 I think you behaved very………… . (selfish / selfishly)
3 The weather changed………… . (sudden / suddenly)
4 There was a …………change in the weather. (sudden / suddenly)
5 Liz fell and hurt herself really………… . (bad / badly)
6 I think I have flu. I feel………… . (awful / awfully)
7 Tanya is …………upset about losing her job. (terrible / terribly)
8 I could sit in this chair all day. It’s very………… . (comfortable / comfortably)
9 I explained everything as as …………I could. (clear / clearly)
10 Be careful on that ladder. It doesn’t look very………… . (safe / safely)
11 Have a good trip and I hope you have a …………journey. (safe / safely)
12 I’m glad you had a good trip and got home………… . (safe / safely)
C Complete each sentence using a word from the box. Sometimes you need the adjective (careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).
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careful(ly) complete(ly) dangerous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly) frequent(ly) nervous(ly) perfect(ly) permanent(ly) special(ly) |
1 Sam doesn’t take risks when he’s driving. He’s always careful .
2 He’s late sometimes, but it doesn’t happen ………….
3 Maria’s English is very………… although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
4 I cooked this meal …………for you, so I hope you like it.
5 Everything was very quiet. There was …………silence.
6 I tried on the shoes and they fitted me………….
7 I’d like to buy a car, but it’s …………impossible for me at the moment.
8 I’m staying here only a few weeks. I won’t be living here………… .
9 Do you usually feel …………before exams?
10 Dan likes to take risks. He lives………… .
D Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each sentence.
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absolutely badly completely happily reasonably seriously slightly unnecessarily unusually |
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changed cheap damaged enormous ill long married planned quiet |
1 I thought the restaurant would be expensive, but it was reasonably cheap .
2 Will’s mother is …………in hospital.
3 This house is so big! It’s………… .
4 It wasn’t a serious accident. The car was only………… .
5 Our children are normally very lively, but they’re………… today.
6 When I returned home after 20 years, everything had………… .
7 The movie was………… . It could have been much shorter.
8 I’m surprised Amy and Joe have separated. I thought they were………… .
9 A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was………… .
E Put in good or well.
1 I play tennis but I’m not very good .
2 Joe’s exam results were very……………. .
3 Joe did………… in his exams.
4 I didn’t sleep………… last night.
5 I like your hat. It looks…………on you.
6 Can you speak up? I can’t hear you very………… .
7 I’ve met her a few times, but I don’t know her………… .
8 Lucy speaks German………… . She’s …………at languages.
F Complete these sentences using well + the following words:
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behaved informed kept known paid written |
1 The children were very good. They were well-behaved .
2 I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She is quite………… .
3 Our neighbours’ garden is neat and tidy. It is very………… .
4 I enjoyed the book. It’s a great story and it’s very………….
5 Tanya knows about everything. She is very………… .
6 Jane works very hard in her job, but she isn’t very………… .
G Which is right?
1 I’m tired because I’ve been working hard / hardly. (hard is correct)
2 I wasn’t in a hurry, so I was walking slow / slowly.
3 I haven’t been to the cinema late / lately.
4 Slow down! You’re walking too fast / quick for me.
5 I tried hard / hardly to remember her name, but I couldn’t.
6 This coat is practically unused. I’ve hard / hardly worn it.
7 Laura is a good tennis player. She hits the ball very hard / hardly.
8 It’s really dark in here. I can hardly see / see hardly.
9 Ben is going to run a marathon. He’s been training hard / hardly.
H Complete the sentences. Use hardly + the following verbs (in the correct form):
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change hear know recognise say sleep speak |
1 Scott and Tracy have only met once before. They hardly know each other.
2 You’re speaking very quietly. I can …………you.
3 I don’t feel good this morning. I …………last night.
4 We were so shocked when we heard the news, we could ………….
5 Kate was very quiet this evening. She …………anything.
6 Gary looks just like he looked 15 years ago. He has………… .
7 David looked different without his beard. I …………him.
I Complete these sentences with hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/ever.
1 I’ll have to go shopping. There’s hardly anything to eat.
2 It was a very warm day and there was …………wind.
3 ‘Do you know much about computers?’ ‘No, ………… .’
4 The hotel was almost empty. There was …………staying there.
5 I listen to the radio a lot, but I………… watch TV.
6 It was very crowded in the room. There was………… to sit.
7 We used to be good friends, but we …………see each other now.
8 We invited lots of people to the party, but…………came.
9 It didn’t take us long to drive there. There was …………traffic.
10 There isn’t much to do in this town. There’s………… to go.
Đáp án
A
2 easily
3 patiently
4 unexpectedly
5 regularly
6 perfectly … slowly … clearly
B
2 selfishly
3 suddenly
4 sudden
5 badly
6 awful
7 terribly
8 comfortable
9 clearly
10 safe
11 safe
12 safely
C
2 frequently
3 fluent
4 specially
5 complete
6 perfectly
7 financially or completely
8 permanently
9 nervous
10 dangerously
D
2 seriously ill
3 absolutely enormous
4 slightly damaged
5 unusually quiet
6 completely changed
7 unnecessarily long
8 happily married
9 badly planned
E
2 good
3 well
4 well
5 good
6 well
7 well
8 well … good
F
2 well-known
3 well-kept
4 well-written
5 well-informed
6 well-paid
G
2 slowly
3 lately
4 fast
5 hard
6 hardly
7 hard
8 hardly see
9 hard
H
2 hardly hear
3 hardly slept
4 hardly speak
5 hardly said
6 hardly changed
7 hardly recognised
I
2 hardly any
3 hardly anything
4 hardly anybody/anyone
5 hardly ever
6 hardly anywhere
7 hardly or hardly ever
8 hardly anybody/anyone
9 hardly any
10 hardly anywhere
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