Master Spoken English - Luyện phát âm tiếng Anh-Mỹ - Đĩa số 7 - Học hay

Đĩa số 7 - Master Spoken English

Ngữ điệu (Intonafion) và nhịp điệu (rhythm patterns) hàm chứa rất nhiều ý nghĩa của tiếng Anh, So với tiếng Việt nó cũng giống như thanh điệu (ones). Nhưng thanh điệu của tiếng Việt gắn với từ, thay đổi thanh điệu là thay đổi nghĩa từ, còn ngữ điệu và nhịp điệu tiếng Anh gắn với câu. Bạn có thể phát âm từng âm của tiếng Anh một cách hoàn hảo, nhưng nếu bạn dùng sai trọng âm từ và trọng âm câu thì toàn bộ phát ngôn của bạn không thể hiểu được. Ngoài ra ý nghĩa bạn muốn chuyển tải trong một phát ngôn còn phụ thuộc rất nhiều vào sự lên giọng xuống giọng, và nhịp của câu. Người Anh/Mỹ coi những yếu tố này như giai điệu của lời nói. Trong tình huống giao tiếp bình thường, giọng nói của họ liên tục lên lên xuống xuống. Muốn cho lời nói của mình dễ hiểu, người học không có cách nào khác là phải luyện cách làm nổi bật những từ quan trọng trong lời nói của mình.

Sau khi đã nắm được các mẫu ngữ điệu và nhịp điệu trong Đĩa số 7, chúng tạ sẽ tiếp tục sử dụng nó để tiến hành các bài tập luyện trong Đĩa số 8 & 9, Trong khi luyện tập, đôi khi chúng ta phải thậm xưng những mẫu ngữ điệu hoặc nhịp điệu, đặc biệt là đối với người nước ngoài nói tiếng Anh. Nhiều khi người nước ngoài tưởng mình đã dùng đúng độ cao (enough pitch), nhưng thực ra lại dùng chưa đạt độ cao yêu cầu (barely enough pitch). Tốt nhất là cứ làm quá lên một chút, sau nầy sẽ điều chính.

 

Các bạn cứ để ý quan sát phát thanh viên trong các chương trình tin truyền hình thì sẽ thấy họ luôn luôn dùng độ cao của giọng và ngữ điệu để thu hút sự chú ý của người nghe vào những ý chính.

Nói đến ngữ điệu, chúng ta phải nói đến độ cao của giọng (pitch). Trong tiếng Anh/Mỹ, độ cao của giọng được miều tả thành hai bậc: cao (high) và thấp (low). Đây thật ra là  sự phân biệt có tính võ đoán (arbitrary choices) để xác định điểm kết thúc của thang giọng (pitch scale). Trên thực tế, từ “thấp ” đến “cao” là một dải giọng gồm nhiều bậc cao thấp khác nhau, chứ không phải là hai điểm thấp :: cao. Việc cảm nhận dải giọng này đối với người Việt cũng khó khăn như sự cảm nhận sáu thanh điệu tiếng Việt của người Anh, Mỹ. Ngữ điệu là sự thay đối giọng (pitch changes) và nhịp điệu (rhythm patterns) của câu. Nó có liên quan đến việc “nhảy lên ” (jump up) một độ giọng cao hơn (higher note) trong những từ quan trọng trong một câu, Nói một cách đơn gián nhất, khi người Anh/Mỹ nói một câu với thái độ khẳng định (definite, final manner), họ dùng ngữ điệu xuống (falling tune), nghĩa là giọng của họ hạ từ một bậc cao hơn xuống mội bậc thấp hơn trong một câu. Ngược lại nếu họ nói với một thái độ nghị vấn (questioning manner) thì học đùng ngữ điệu lên (rising tne), tức là sự chuyển giọng từ thấp lên cao.

Ngoài ra còn hai ngữ điệu thông dụng nữa: (a) xuống-lên (fall-rise) khi muốn thể hiện thái độ đồng ý một phần, không hoàn toàn đồng ý (not completely agree with smb), hoặc còn gọi là “đồng ý có mức độ” (limited agreement), và (b) lên xuống (rise-fall) dùng để thể hiện thái độ hoàn toàn đồng ý, hoặc không đồng ý, hoặc ngạc nhiên (strong feelings of approval, disapproval, or surprise). Tuy nhiên người học thường không cần học hai ngữ điệu này, mà chỉ cảm nhận để phân biệt khi nghe người Anh/Mỹ nói mà thôi.

Muốn học ngữ điệu tiếng Anh một cách có hiệu quả thì phải học như một đứa trẻ Anh/Mỹ cảm thụ ngữ điệu tiếng mẹ để của nó. Người Việt muốn họ ngữ điệu tiếng. Anh để có thể sử dụng có hiệu quả thì phương thức tốt nhất là tạo cơ hội luôn luôn tiếp xúc với giọng nói bản ngữ, hoặc trực tiếp hoặc qua phương tiện kỹ thuật.

Bây giờ chúng ta xét hai người nói hai câu:

Chú ý: Khi nói đến một từ quan trọng thì nhảy lên cao (jump up), rồi nhậy xuống thấp (step down) ở từ tiến theo, rồi hạ hẳn giọng xuống (drop) ở cuối từ:

A: I ride the bicycle to get to work

B: I ride the bicycle for exercise

Hai người ở đây cùng đi xe đạp nhưng khác nhau về mục đích, Do đó A muốn thu húi người nghe vào mnục đích của mình, anh ta nhấn mạnh vào “work”, anh ta “jump up” ở từ “work”, Ngược lại B lại muốn thu hút người nghe vào “cxercise”, anh ta “jumps up” Ở từ ”exercise”.

Người nói hoàn toàn quyết định từ nào là từ quan trọng trong lời nói của mình, và dùng độ cao của giọng để làm nổi bật nó lên.

GZ: Intonation deals with pitch changes and rhythm variations. The pitch change we are concerned with a jump up in pitch to a higher note on the important words. Now, here is the American Pich Pattern:

Jump Up in pitch on the important word, and Step Down on the words following. Jump up and step down and drop at the end of the sentence.

Now, it’s the same pattern, basically, over and over, that Americans are used to hearing. So when you speak it, you become more understandable, more expressive, more interesting, and, of course, mọre American sounding.

CH: There are always exceptions, of course, bụt thịs is the most common pattern. A majority of words in English have thịs kind of first sy1lable stress.

RT: What if Ï say, “I ride a bicycle to get to work, ”

CH: Now the context of your statement has changed because you want to stress “work”. Your main idea now is “work” as opposed to “exercise” And my reply to you now wIll be:

“J ride a bicycle for exercise, ”

 

GZ: You see the word that is most important to you depends on your situation. Finally, you decide what are the most important ideas, And use pitch to make them stand out.

Nhóm câu -1 (Sentence Group I)

I like to walk to the office when the weather is good. I like to walk to the office when the weather is good. I like to walk to the office when the weather is good.

 

GZ: You see, the more pitch we use, the more idea we express.

CH: Yesterday it was very RAINY and windy.

GZ: No, no, no, no don’t just get LOUDER. Be sure that you actually change pitch

Yesterday it was very rainy and windy. Yesterday it was very rainy and windy. Yesterday it was very rainy and windy.

 

I was ready to take the bus, when George offered to drive me. I was ready to take the bus, when George offered to drive me. I was ready to take the bus, when George offered to drive me. I was ready to take the bus, when George offered to drive me.

 

Again you see, the more pitch you use, the more complete your expression.

 

Nhóm câu -2 (Sentence Group II)

It could be snowing outside, and people in L.A. would still be wearing shorts. It could be snowing outside, and people in L.A. would still be wearing shorts. It could be snowing outside, and people in L.A. would still be wearing shorts.

 

I read a magazine while standing in line at the supermarket. I read a magazine while standing in line at the supermarket. I read a magazine while standing in line at the supermarket.

 

The only problem is, rush hour is fourteen hours Jong. The only problem is, rush hour is fourteen hours long. The only problem is, rush hour is fourteen hours long.

 

Nhóm câu -3 (Sentence Group III)

 

We’ ll be late meeting my uncle at the restaurant, if we don’t leave now. We'll be late meeting my uncle at the restaurant, if we don’t leave now. We'll be late meeting my uncle at the restaurant, if we don’t leave now. We'll be late meeting my uncle at the restaurant, if we don’t leave now.

 

The first motel after the highway exit is always the most expensive. The first motel after the highway exit is always the most expensive. The first motel after the highway exit is always the most expensive. The first motel after the highway exit is always the most expensive. The first motel after the highway exit is always the most expensive.

 

Now you might find yourself saying, “I feel weird. It doesn’t sound like me-it doesn’t feel right.” Well, that’s good! You’re changing the intonation habits that you’ve had your whole life-so naturally, it’s going to feel strange. This feeling that your speech sounds strange, really means you’re probably sounding more understandable to others. So that feeling wrong, probably indicates that you’re sounding right.

Các bạn người nước ngoài có thể nghe lạ tai. Không, các bạn phải thay đổi thói quen ngữ điệu (intonation habit). Người Việt phải thay đổi thói quen dùng thanh điệu (tone) sang thói quen dùng ngữ điệu khi nói tiếng Anh. Thật là thách thức. Nghe có vẻ lạ với tai người Việt nhưng lại dễ hiểu khi vào tai người Anh/Mỹ

Nhóm câu -4 (Sentence Group IV)

Gene has nine pairs of sunglasses, one for each day of the week, and Saturday and Sunday nights. Gene has nine pairs of sunglasses, one for each day of the week, and Saturday and Sunday nights. Gene has nine pairs of sunglasses, one for each day of the week, and Saturday and Sunday nights. Gene has nine pairs of sunglasses, one for each day of the week, and Saturday and Sunday nights. Gene has nine pairs of sunglasses, one for each day of the week, and Saturday and Sunday nights.

 

In rush hour the streets are slower than the freeway, but more interesting. In rush hour the streets are slower than the freeway, but more interesting. In rush hour the streets are slower than the freeway, but more interesting. In rush hour the streets are slower than the freeway, but more interesting. In rush hour the streets are slower than the freeway, but more interesting.

 

Nhóm câu -5 (Sentence Group V)

Đây là trọng âm tương phản (contrast emphasis): bít tết (steak) hay thịt gà (chicken).

Nhóm hai yếu tố tương phản

Do you want steak or chicken tonight?

Simple Contrast Emphasis-steak or chicken. It’s also very common to employ Contrast Emphasis on 2 sets of words:

The shopping mall around the corner from my house has twelve parking spaces and fifteen cars.

Or 3 sets of words in contrast (Nhém ba yéu t tong phan)

You're close to the right question, but far from the right answer.

 

GZ: We'd like to thank Jeff Standkeena of Company on 612S. La Brea in Los Angeles. Thank you.

Jeff:  Thank you for being here with us today, it was our pleasure.

GZ: Thank you, Jeff.

NHỊP ĐIỆU VÀ TỔ HỢP PHỤ ÂM

(RHYTHM PATTERNS AND CONSONANT CLUSTERS)

Trong phần này chúng ta học phát âm tổ hợp phụ âm (consonant cluster). Đọc những từ trong khung hai lần. Đọc đoạn đọc thoại ba lần.

 

Bl bless blameless blood black blue

Pl plenty playing explosion expletive please

Br brother brought bridge brawling broken

Pr approximately priceless proud appreciate inappropriate

 

My brother, bless his heart, has brought me plenty of trouble. Last night they were playing bridge when, at approximately midnight, I heard an explosion. I came in and saw them brawling, hurling expletives at each other-and on the floor, a priceless vase broken. He was standing there proud and blameless, a little blood on his lip. I told him, “Please listen to me. I don’t appreciate such inappropriate behavior”. Today his eye is black and blue.

 

tr tried treat trunk train trip

dr driving dresses draw drop dreams

tw twice twins twist twelve twinkle

 

Twice I’ve tried driving to the cottage, but the twins get restless and twist in their seats. It’s a treat to just back my dresses in a trunk and take the train. The trip takes twelve hours. I can sit and draw and watch the stars twinkle, and then drop off to sleep and have sweet dreams.

gl glad glowing glazing glued glass

er group greet grounds green grasp

kl classes climbs clear clean clay

kr Chrisimas crew crest crafts crown

kw quickly quiet quoting quite queen’s

 

At Christmas, classes are over, and our group is glad to assemble quickly. We spend quiet nights around a glowing fire quoting poets. We greet the day, and our crew climbs to the crest of the hill. We search the grounds for a green fir tree. The sky is clear and the air clean. In the afternoon, there are crafts, like pottery. I like molding clay, but I can’t quite grasp the glazing process. Just for fun, 1 glued glass jewels into a queen’s crown.

fl flood flimsy flats flying fleet

fr frankly frozen Friday fresh fruit

 

Frankly, those flood victims are desperate for food. They were living in some pretty flimsy housing. Tomorrow, we'll load the frozen food on flats. On Friday, Air Canada is flying in a shipment of fresh fruit. Saturday morning, the fleet will set sail.

shr shrimp shrink shriek shrill shroud

str struggle string struck strange strung

 

It was real struggle to string up that shrimp net. The net seemed to shrink around my leg, and then I struck my knee against the rocks. I let out a strange shriek. I didn’t know my voice could sound so shrill. For a minute, all T could see was that net strung all around me, my body wrapped up like a shroud.

spl splicing splash splotch splished split

spr sprawling spring sprung sprang sprayed

 

We searched everywhere in the sprawling repair shop for the little spring. It had sprung from the engine while the mechanic was splicing two wires together. He says it sprang out, and he saw it splash into a bucket of oil. There was a little splotch of oil on the inside of the bucket where it had splished. The mechanic sprayed spit when he spoke. I split.

skr scram scream scramble scraich scrumptious

skw squeaked squinting squeezing square squawking

 

I thought I'd better scram after I heard you scream. If that board hadn’t squeaked, you would never have seen me squinting at you, trying to scramble eggs. It’s just... I’ve never seen anyone crach eggs by squeezing them. And a square omelet! Mmmmnmmn... scratch what | just said. This looks scrumptious! I’ll stop squawking.

bd rubbed disturbed bribed jabbed grabbed

pt stopped flipped slipped flopped slept

bz robes ribs jobs bribes rubs

ps stripes lips tips hips grips

 

She stopped at my open closet and flipped through my robes. She slipped into the silk one, the one with stripes, and then she flopped back onto the bed. She rubbed her lips against my ear. Then admitted to her that it disturbed me to know J was being bribed. Playfully, she jobbed me in the ribs. “Jobs like these always involve bribes,” she says, and rubs the tips of her fingers into my back. While she’s straddling my hips, she sensuously grips the back of my neck. I never really minded that I hadn’t slept that night. Later on that day, I grabbed a few hours sleep. (* she -> he)

dz heads hides crowds avoids roads

ts sits hits lights hats boots coats

 

The prince sits behind the wheel of his new Ferrari, hits the lights, and heads for the old house in the hills. He hides there from the crowds that pursue him everywhere. You should see all the odd hats and boots and strange coats that he keeps for dis-guises. Sometimes when he goes walking, he even avoids the roads.

dgd caged edged changed judged managed

cht watched lunched crunched lurched pitched

 

I watched the caged lion as he lunched on raw meat. His shiny white teeth crunched down on a bone in the red meat. Fascinated, I edged closer to the bars. The cats eyes changed-he judged I was a threat. Suddenly, a big attendant lurched toward me. He managed to grab my belt and pitched me away from the cage just as the cats claws came through the bars.

 

nd warned blonde spend fund groaned

nt paint print improvement rent joint tent

I warned him/her not to paint over the blonde panels our house. it says in the fine print of our lease: “no improvement without permission”. Last week, he/she decided to spend our rent money on a fund for abused insects, “If we loose this joint,” I groaned, “next month we'll be living in a tent.”

nz tunes moons panes phones coins

ns romance radiance bounce fence chance

 

The car radio was playing one of those tunes that reminded me of an old romance. The full moons radiance made a bounce off the white house. The panes of glass in the windows glared back at me through the fence. I drove to the phones, and dumped in some coins... just on the slim chance she’d/he’d be home.

nge range change strange lounge orange

nch ranch staunch bunch cinch lunch

 

Just before dawn at the ranch, we like to mount up and ride the range. The ranch hands are a staunch bunch, but | grow hungry. After a change of clothes, we go to strange bar and lounge-everything was orange; orange lights, orange furniture... I said, “[t’s a cinch that our lunch will be orange.”

ndgd arranged cringed lunged revenged

ncht lunched punched clenched

 

We lunched, as arranged, on the patio at the Gentle Gardens Inn. Suddenly, a man came running through the hedge straight at our table. Margaret cringed behind her menu. But another man right behind him lunged at his legs, wrestled on top of him, until the other guy reached back and punched him hard on the nose. And then that guy, blood all over him, clenched his teeth onto the other man’s ear. I guess he felt revenged after that.

vd believed lived loved shoved moved

vz sleeves knives loves proves lives

 

I believed him when he told us that he lived in that big house that you loved. Remember the way he rolled up his sleeves and shoved knives into the roast. You could tell he loves to carve. Of course, he’s moved out now, and lives in a bigger house-which, in my opinion, proves nothing.

zd pleased prized crazed raised teased

st placed worst dressed list pressed crossed

 

 

Charles was not pleased to see his name placed om Mr. Black's worst-dressed list. He has always prized his wardrobe. Why, I’ve seen him become crazed over finding a shirt that wasn’t pressed. Maybe it’s the way he was raised. Anyway, he doesn't like to be crossed. He doesn’t even like to be teased.